In the media today we are exposed to certain architectural and interior design styles more than others. Not only are some styles more prevalent and well represented than others, but what styles you are exposed to also depends largely on where you live in the world.
Here on Design Baddie we are interested in all expressions of style when it comes to the built environment: modern, traditional and the in-between. We are also very interested in shedding light on regional and cultural expressions of design style around the world.
In this spirit of adventure we’ve decided to explore the vernacular building and design styles of regions less explored in popular media with the help of real world training images and Midjourney AI. We begin with a vernacular architecture close to my heart, from my homeland of South Africa.
What is ‘vernacular’ architecture?
But what even is a ‘vernacular style’ in architecture? This word, which derives from a way of saying ‘informal speech’ or slang, is an architectural term used to describe a type of less-formal type of architecture. It refers to a regional manner of building in a particular geographic region, using local methods and building materials. Vernacular architecture draws on local cultural elements in the places where it is used, and as it evolves over time it may become a unique stylistic typology. This is just another way to say that after some evolution of the building style, it may become a popular and widely imitated style in its own right.
Vernacular styles, like the Cape Dutch and Victorian architecture we’ll explore here, often come to represent the unique culture that formed them. For this reason, vernacular styles are important to celebrate and to keep alive. By continuing to find new expressions for them they can continue to evolve as the voice of a culture. Celebrating vernacular architecture also allows to appreciate the richness that comes with traditional style elements.
A note on the Cape’s vernacular style influences
Architectural Styles: Cape Dutch architecture, with its distinctive gabled facades and symmetrical layouts, is a prominent feature of the Cape’s vernacular architecture, as is the Victorian style, exported by way of the British Empire’s expansion and colonization of the region. Although we will explore these first two styles more closely in this post, the Cape Malay style, influenced by Islamic traditions, is worth mentioning as well. It adds another layer of uniqueness with colorful facades and decorative element, and is worthy of its own exploration, hopefully in the not too distant future.
Finally, the “Beehive” of Nguni hut styles of the indigenous nomadic Khoikhoi and San people of the region will be explored in the future on this blog.
Early Cape Dutch Cottage Style
The vernacular architecture of the Cape region in South Africa holds a unique and special place within the architectural landscape. Several factors contribute to its distinctiveness:
Cultural Diversity: The Cape is characterized by a rich tapestry of cultural influences, including Dutch, British, Khoisan, Malay, and indigenous African. The vernacular architecture of the Cape reflects this diversity, blending various architectural traditions into a harmonious expression of cultural fusion.
Historical Significance: The Cape has a complex history, marked by colonization, slavery, and resistance. The vernacular architecture of the region carries the imprints of this history, with buildings telling stories of different eras, communities, and societal changes.
Climatic Adaptations: The Cape’s unique climate, with its mix of coastal and mountainous, arid and semi-desert inland conditions, has influenced the design and construction of buildings. Traditional Cape Dutch architecture, for example, often features distinctive features like whitewashed walls and thatched roofs, showcasing adaptations to the region’s weather patterns.
Material Choices: Vernacular architecture in the Cape is characterized by the use of local materials, such as stone, thatch, and wood. These materials not only reflect the natural resources available but also contribute to the visual identity of the buildings. In the Cape Dutch style, the traditional materials of Europe were abandoned for locally available materials. The use of African grasses for thatching is a notable departure from the European tradition, which is both practical and also gives the Cape Dutch styles a particular and notably African flavor.
Early Cape Victorian Cottage Style
Another important influence on Capetonian vernacular architecture is the Victorian style; especially in the historic city of Cape Town. Following the British colonial period, both the Georgian and Victorian style added another layer of influence on Cape architecture. These British architectural styles contributed to the evolution of certain buildings in the Cape, especially in urban areas. Well-traveled visitors often remark on the similarity of these styles with examples found in Australia and India.
Victorian architecture in Cape Town adapted to the local climate and building traditions. While maintaining some characteristics of the broader Victorian style, such as ornate detailing and eclectic designs, architects in Cape Town made adjustments to suit the region’s specific environmental conditions. The region has a climate similar to the Mediterranean with warm, dry summers.
The multicultural environment of Cape Town influenced its local Victorian architecture, adding a layer of diversity to the style. Many simpler examples of the Victorian-influenced style utilize corrugated iron roofing, sometimes painted vibrant hues. The city’s cosmopolitan population, including influences from Dutch, British, and indigenous cultures, all contributed over time to what became a unique fusion of architectural elements.
The availability of local building materials played a significant role in shaping Victorian buildings in Cape Town. Stone and timber, for instance, were commonly used, and the use of these materials contributed to the distinct appearance of Cape Town’s Victorian structures. Besides the decorative ironwork and wood features, the incorporation of verandas and balconies are one of the features that set Cape Town’s Victorian buildings apart. These were a direct response to the local climate and a desire to enjoy the fair Capetonian weather.
While Victorian architecture in England often exhibited a more uniform style across the country, Cape Town’s version allowed for regional variations and adaptations. This flexibility allowed architects to integrate elements from different architectural traditions, creating a style that was responsive to both local and global influences.
Early Hybrid Dutch-Victorian Styles
With the Dutch and British styles converging in the Cape colony from the late seventeenth century onward, it only makes sense that there would be some overlap. In fact, Victorian and Georgian architecture in Cape Town did often blend with other architectural styles prevalent in the region, such as Cape Dutch, creating a hybridized aesthetic. This integration reflects the multicultural character of the city and its architectural evolution over time.
Another way that the Victorian age influenced Cape Town’s development was in the realm of urban planning. Victorian-era urban planning in Cape Town exerted a strong influence on the layout and design of neighborhoods. The city’s expansion during this period saw the establishment of residential areas with rows of Victorian terrace houses, each displaying its own interpretation of the style. This created a distinctive urban fabric that is still evident in areas like Gardens and Oranjezicht.
As time went on, the Dutch and Victorian styles contributed elements which when used interchangeably, started to become a uniquely South African style. While these two styles are not solely responsible for the diverse and varied Cape aesthetic, when we combine them we can see just how much of a role they have played on the unique aesthetic of buildings in the region.
An important aspect of Cape buildings is an integration with the natural landscape. It is widely acknowledged that the vernacular architecture of the Cape tends to integrate seamlessly with the natural landscape, whether it’s nestled against the slopes of Table Mountain or overlooking the coastline. This integration enhances the aesthetic appeal of the buildings and fosters a sense of harmony with the surroundings.
Modern Contemporary Cape Styles
Over time, the Cape’s vernacular architecture has adapted to modern influences, resulting in a dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation. This adaptability is evident in contemporary interpretations of vernacular styles and the integration of modern technologies and materials. It’s encouraging to see that many new developments in Cape Town continue to build in a style which references the Cape vernacular aesthetic.
While traditional buildings might feature local materials like stone and thatch, contemporary versions may utilize a broader range of materials, including steel, concrete, and glass. Also, advancements in construction techniques and sustainability practices are often integrated into contemporary designs.
Modern Cape vernacular architecture often places a strong emphasis on sustainability. This can involve incorporating energy-efficient features, green building technologies, and eco-friendly materials. Sustainable design principles align with the City of Cape Town’s contemporary focus on environmental responsibility and resource efficiency.
Another big difference between traditional and modern Cape vernacular architecture lies in the layout of the floor plan. Traditional homes often featured compartmentalized rooms and defined spaces. Contemporary versions, in line with modern lifestyle preferences, may prioritize open floor plans, creating more fluid and interconnected living spaces.
Postmodern Cape Victorian Styles
Looking to the near future, postmodern interpretations of Cape vernacular architecture may showcase innovative forms and structures that depart from the strict adherence to historical styles. Architects may experiment with unconventional shapes, roof designs, and spatial configurations while still drawing inspiration from traditional elements.
As urban areas expand, contemporary Cape vernacular architecture adapts to the demands of urban living. This includes designing buildings that fit within denser urban environments, exploring vertical architecture, and addressing challenges related to space constraints. Something the Victorian-style terraced houses of Cape Town can well loan their aesthetic to.
Postmodern Cape Dutch Styles
Contemporary and postmodern Cape vernacular architecture, like new interpretations of the Cape Dutch style, provide a platform for artistic and creative expression. Architects and designers may continue to evolve styles like Cape Dutch by simplifying or articulating certain traditional forms, introducing unique aesthetic elements with sensitivity to the local culture, and even trying their hand at experimental designs that contribute to the visual richness of the built environment.
Contemporary versions of Cape vernacular architecture will likely continue to embrace a more eclectic and innovative approach, drawing inspiration from tradition while accommodating the evolving needs and preferences of a modern society. This beautiful dance between traditional elements and contemporary design principles can help contribute to a dynamic and evolving architectural language.
Postmodern Cape Hybrid Styles
Just how will the vernacular architecture of the Cape evolve over time? One way that future postmodern Cape vernacular architecture might differ as time goes on is by seeking to be more inclusive and culturally sensitive. Future architects may aim to incorporate a broader representation of cultural influences, reflecting the diverse makeup of the community and challenging historical exclusions. This would result in ever more interesting hybrid styles.
While traditional Cape vernacular architecture often exhibited a cohesive and recognizable style within a community, like Cape Dutch, contemporary versions may prioritize individual expression. Homeowners around the world will continue to prioritize personalization of their residences, contributing to a more diverse and eclectic architectural landscape.
One happy thought in this scenario is that with the help of culturally sensitive architects, marginalized ethnicities that lack an architectural tradition might one day discover their architectural voice.
Futuristic Cape Modern Styles
Looking to the future, the infusion of futuristic and avant-garde design principles can lead to the exploration of unconventional shapes, materials, and technologies. Advanced materials, sustainable design practices, and innovative construction methods may become more prominent. Buildings could feature bold, sculptural forms that challenge traditional notions of space and aesthetics, reflecting a forward-looking vision.
Parametric design, characterized by complex and dynamic forms generated through algorithms, could introduce a new layer of sophistication to Cape vernacular architecture. The use of parametric tools may result in buildings with intricate, organic shapes, responding to environmental factors and cultural considerations in novel ways.
As we wrap up, we recognize that the vernacular architecture of South Africa’s Western Cape is not merely a collection of buildings. It serves as a reflection of community identity and values over time, and is recognized and celebrated by South Africans of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. We hope that you’ve enjoyed our playful exploration of some of the forms of traditional architecture and how they might continue to evolve in the future.
For Capetonians the specialness of the vernacular architecture of the region lies in its ability to weave together diverse cultural influences, historical narratives, environmental considerations, and community identity into a rich architectural tapestry that continues to evolve and inspire.
Join the list
Join hundreds of our subscribers and be the first to know about new content and special offers.
